The Haunting Of Hill House - 1400 Words

The Haunting of Hill House, by Shirley Jackson, revolutionized the horror genre of books. It started a completely new trend in how horror books were written. Unlike previous books, The Haunting of Hill House uses terror rather than horror to elicit fear and emotion from the reader and utilizes complex relationships between the mysterious events in the house and the very different characters in the novel. At the end of the book, the reader realizes that none of the questions that have been burning through his or her head have been answered. Jackson refuses to shine a light in every corner, answering the questions of her readers. Her original and (at that time) never before seen writing style caused readers to speculate and create theories for their questions, one of which is what in the book haunts Hill House? Because of this, readers from around the world have been theorizing what exactly stalks the halls of Hill House and haunts the characters of the book sin 1959, the year the book was published. There are hundreds of different theories, but in the end they all revolve around two smaller questions: Was Hill House an entity that haunted its residents or was there something that haunted Hill House? Before answering these questions, there is one question that all readers who know about Shirley Jackson ask – how was a loving wife and mother able to write such a dark novel that struck fear into people’s heart? To understand how she was capable of this, a deeper knowledge intoShow MoreRelatedThe Haunting of Hill House600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Haunting of Hill House The Haunting of Hill House is a book about four people that all have backgrounds of experiencing supernatural events. Because of this, they were all chosen to explore the supernatural happenings occurring at Hill House. The house was originally built by a man named Hugh Crain. It had been a place of mysterious events and also the deaths of those who lived there. Dr. Montague, a supernatural investigator, then carefully selected three people with paranormal backgroundsRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House1249 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality.†- Shirley Jackson, The Haunting of Hill House For the purposes of reducing confusion the world that we live in, the air we breathe, the universe that is generally accepted as the real world, and the felling and presence of our bodies will be referred to as â€Å"home†. Humans are unique in the animal world in that we solve puzzles for fun. Very few other animals do this, and only ones with a complex neuralRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House2043 Words   |  9 Pages The Haunting of Hill House In â€Å"The Haunting of Hill House†, Jackson uses a third person point of view in order to create an ambiguous feeling during the supernatural experiences which leads to confusion of weather the novel falls under the sub-genre female gothic, or not. Jackson starts the novel with a very powerful quote: â€Å"No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality; even larks and katydids are supposed, by some, to dream.† (1). That famously knownRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House2355 Words   |  10 PagesIn â€Å"The Haunting of Hill House†, Jackson uses a third person point of view in order to create an ambiguous feeling during the supernatural experiences which leads to confusion of whether the novel falls under the sub-genre female gothic, or not. Jackson starts the novel with a very powerful quote: â€Å"No live organism can continue for long to exist sanely under conditions of absolute reality; even larks and katydids a re supposed, by some, to dream.† (1). That famously known quote is very ambiguous andRead MoreThe Haunting of Hill House2056 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Haunting of Hill House. In this novel, a car is first represented as a means of control over Eleanor by her sister (Jackson 7). However, Eleanor’s stealing of the car transforms the car into a representation of freedom from her present life (Jackson 10). The car allows Eleanor to be free of her controlled life and to begin her own journey (Jackson 10). We observe the same car at the conclusion of the novel as a device used to free herself from her forced departure of Hill House (JacksonRead MoreEssay The Haunting Of Hill House1052 Words   |  5 Pages The Haunting of Hill House The Haunting of Hill House is considered a classic to many people. It has a certain sense of feeling missing from todays novels. The Haunting of Hill House has suspense, horror, a little bit of romance, and an ending that will leave you thinking for days. Shirley Jackson is well known for her twisted work. At the beginning of the book, you our introduced to a character that has a major impact on all of its quot;guestsquot;. Hill House. quot;Hill House, notRead MoreHaunting Of Hill House Analysis1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe protagonist of Shirley Jackson’s The Haunting of Hill House is Eleanor Vance, an emotionally underdeveloped young woman with a dark past. As a character, she has a deep connection to the broad theme of family within the novel, and more specifically, how the lack of family when it is desperately needed leads to emptiness. The first major noticeable thing about Eleanor is the desire to free herself from the confines of her reality. This part of her character is what drives her from the very beginningRead MoreThe Haunting Of Hill House Character Analysis1141 Words   |  5 Pageseven though they’re in a group with others facing the same situation. Shirley Jackson the author of The Haunting of Hill House shows this exact situation of fear taking over a person by showing it in the main character, a young woman named Eleanor, who comes from a small town which who was invited to visit the Hill House by a doctor named Dr. Montague to study what really goes on in the house. Throughout the story Eleanor, shows many different types of personalities which can go from being seriousRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Haunting Of Hill House And Rose Red1214 Words   |  5 PagesThe Haunting of Hill House vs.Rose Red The story of the Haunting Hill House and Rose Red have some common. The beginning of Haunting Hill House, Dr. Montague’s true passion lies in his study of supernatural phenomena. All of his life he has been searched for a truly Haunting Hill House, His searches leads to him The Haunting of Hill House. Dr. Montague founds some personal papers that has been left behind by the family that built Hill House, It was some paper that was eighty years agoRead MoreCompare And Contrast Rose Red And Haunting Of Hill House1079 Words   |  5 Pagesand the book Haunting of Hill House have a lot of things in common. In the beginning of the Haunting of Hill House or somewhere in the book they would talk about the rocks falling on the momÅ› house. Just like in the beginning and in the end of the movie Rose Red Annie would make the rocks fall on the house because she was mad. In the beginning the dog bit Annie and second she was mad at the ghosts. like how the house keeps on growing un til the current person that owns the house says that it’s

Culture And Communication At The Business World Essay

Culture and Communication in the Business World Matt Schwindenhammer Maryville University Abstract This paper examines an article discussing the importance of using a cultural model to understand general culture concepts that are important when communicating in business activities. A distinction between high and low context communication will be addressed as well as other theories of culture that are important when communicating with others. In today’s business world, all employees are responsible for knowing and implementing cultural practices when taking on a professional role in other countries. A comparison and contrast will also be presented in relation to how understanding the culture can reduce or alleviate communication issues when working in a global business world. Keywords: communication, business organization, business relationships and culture Culture and Communication in the Business World Communication is necessary for exchange of ideas, thoughts, and feelings and for developing relationships (Robbins Judge, 2016). For a business to be successful good communication skills and competency in communicating are necessary especially when working with different cultures. This paper will demonstrate how crucial understanding the culture is when communicating in the world of business and when developing relationships with others. Currently, communication skills are lacking in the business world (Levinson, 2008). Research has shownShow MoreRelatedCross Cultural Communication : A Universal Standards For Business Communication871 Words   |  4 PagesCross-Cultural Communication Does the world have a universal standards for business communication? With business being a crucial part in how countries interact and exchange goods it almost seems as if the answer is yes, but as business continues to grow and become internationally engaged many see the answer is more complicated. Across the world countries have created standards for communication that differ from other countries, therefore, creating the urge to understand how to communicate acrossRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication905 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness communication is a skill not everyone has; it is however something that can be learned. Many people think of only verbal skills when working on their business communication; however some forget how nonverbal cues can affect a message. Nonverbal communication can make or break a business conversation. If a potential partner interprets nonverbal communication conveying a different message than the verbal does it can lead to complicatio ns when trying to close an opportunity. As the world hasRead MoreQuestions On Common Business Communication Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pages Common Business Communication Problems â€Æ' BUS 100 Professional Communication Skills Semester 1, 2016 Common Business Communication Problems Presented By: Vishal Sharma – 11600767 Dipit Shrestha -11600745 Tutorial no. 2 Task = 2 kings Own Institute ABSTRACT COMMUNICATION , which is part of a function of management in business world plays a major role in functioning the business. In workfull environment ,our returns of services will not be accomplished without a good wayRead MoreEffects of Culture in Business Communication1635 Words   |  7 PagesHow does culture effect business communication in the workplace? Home  » Information Technology  » Intro to Business Communication  » How does culture effect business communication in the workplace? Cultural awareness in communication is crucial in today’s workplace. Businesses must adjust and accommodate new attitudes, rules, and values that are merging in this intercultural society and workplace. Businesses need to be aware of stereotypes, prejudices, and generalizations and proactively educate employeesRead MoreJapan, South Korean, And America Management Practices1194 Words   |  5 Pagesobjectives. We have heard the English terms culture, management terms, and business culture, which are commonly used business terms in America. Nonetheless, we don’t have much knowledge about international business terms. International business terms such as â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, and â€Å" inhwa†, which are essential management terms in Japan, China, and South Korea. In this paper I will be analyzing my findings on the words culture, management terms, business culture, â€Å"wa†, â€Å"quanxi†, â€Å"inhwa†, what would be similarR ead MoreFace to Face Communications Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesWeb conferencing is currently a major tool available to the business world. Its advertised uses are to save time and travel costs, bring large groups together for meetings, training presentations and interviews, allow sales teams to deliver a sales pitch from anywhere in the world and the ability to reach key decision-makers quickly. (Cochand, 2011) What is not presented is a disclaimer warning that knowing the intended audience is important prior to replacing the traditional method of face-to-faceRead MoreCommunicating in a World of Diversity Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesin a world of diversity In our growing, diverse society it’s very important to have diverse communication skills. The reason for this is because it brings richness in our society. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation and enables us to resolve differences, build trust and respect, and create environments where creative ideas, problem solving, affection, and caring can flourish (Robinson, Lawrence, and Jeanne Segal). It helps our society flourish. Communication isRead MoreUnderstanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication1512 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories and using examples where appropriate. Student ID: 6749473 Academic subject: MSC Accounting and Financial Management Word count: 1511 Topicï ¼Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referringRead MoreNonverbal Communication in the World of Business1072 Words   |  5 Pages 2012 Nonverbal Communication in the World of Business Communication that is neither a written nor a spoken language that creates a meaning is known as Nonverbal communication. According to bizmove.com, â€Å"People tend to believe actions more than words.† Movies first started without any audio, so the actors and actresses used different kinds of nonverbal communication to convey messages they were trying to get across, for example, Charlie Chaplin movies. Nonverbal communication plays an importantRead MoreIntercultural Communication in the Workforce1292 Words   |  6 PagesIntercultural Communication in the Workforce Today’s organizations are doing business more and more in a global context. The people that count in any business from the suppliers to clients to employees are increasingly based in remote locations in foreign countries. The need for effective and clear intercultural communication is becoming vital in securing success in today’s global workplace. Managers of global corporations need to understand the role of intercultural communication competence in

Assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in health chances Free Essays

* Using your knowledge assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in HEALTH CHANCES * Write about the health chances for the different situations within society. Health Chances- Can be defined as the likelihood and possibility for an individual to become ill or unwell in view of his/hers overall health and well-being also considering the affect on an individual in view of the different situations within society. Health Chances is sometimes overlooked in view of the different situations within society. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in health chances or any similar topic only for you Order Now It can be said firmly that both gender and ethnicity unfortunately create inequalities in health chances within society. Health Chances clearly vary in these two situations and as a result have caused problems within society. Statistics in Gender inequality in health clearly show a high percentage for women in both Morbidity and Mortality Firstly, gender results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Women’s position in society affects their experience of health chances. Women indeed can be said to be more open and co-operative than men in view of their general health and well-being. Women tend to visit doctors more often than men. Statistics show that women visit their G.P. 5x a year whilst men tend to visit their G.P. approximately 3x a year. Furthermore, the health of women may appear to be worse than that of men because their longer life expectancy increases the risk of chronic illnesses, senile dementia and therefore the regular use of medical services. However, statistics do indicate that women suffer more chronic disorders in all age categories. The common saying ‘women are sicker men die quicker’ is very realistic, statistics clearly show that women live longer and so are more prone to getting ill, as part of getting old. Moreover, women’s position in society affects their health chances; women have the burden of childcare, which affects them both physically and mentally. Also, domestic labour, poor employment conditions because of gender discrimination, greater exposure to poor housing as a result of poor employment, greater exposure to poverty also as a result as poor employment. Women position in society should be regarded very highly as they are situated in such conditions which lead to ‘ housewife syndromes’ acknowledged by Jessie Bernard causing ill health. It is the woman’s job in society i.e. in the family, to make decisions, bring up the children which is quite stressful along with absorbing and taking on the stress of other family members such as the children, husband which overall in my opinion is the reason to why more women get ill. Furthermore, Women in society generally tend to occupy jobs such; working in the home, the NHS social services which are generally not highly paid occupations and the fact that these jobs are a lot more stressful, and according to feminism sociologists they are unrecognised and always undervalued. Moreover, there are obviously differences in the health experiences of men and women that can be attributed to biology, particularly those concerned with reproduction. Hormonal differences can account for some variation in the occurrence of particular illnesses e.g. higher rate of heart disease amongst men before the age of 50 can partly be accounted for by the lack of protection provided by the hormone oestrogen. Genetic and biological research points to certain gender to being more prone to certain illnesses and diseases. Women suffer from certain sorts of health problems because of their distinctive biology e.g. pregnancy and childbirth, contraception and abortion, menstruation and menopause, breast and cervical cancer. They are also more likely to suffer from autoimmune disease e.g. arthritis and degenerative disease (because they live longer), but on the other hand men suffer more heart disease. Health and Ethnicity, the problem of definition; do we use race, ethnicity, or specific culture groups, e.g. Punjabi to define health and ethnicity. Ethnicity results to inequalities in health chances due to various factors and situations within society. Genetic and biological research clearly portray the fact that certain ethnic minorities are more prone to having certain diseases, e.g. Haemophilia is quite common in European men, whilst Sickle Cell Anaemia is quite common in Afro-Caribbean’s. However, we could argue that not all health illnesses are necessarily related to ethnicity, for instance, heart disease, bronchitis and strokes which all have a high incidence in the Asian community are linked to socio-economic factors not ethnicity. Moreover, diet/lifestyle/traditions and cultural values also affect the outcomes of health chances within society, i.e. Asian communities e.g. prenatal mortalities is high for Asian women but this may be because many do not attend anti-natal classes. Also, diet- high rate in the use ‘GHEE’ in the Asian cooking relating to heart disease. However, many Asian diets particularly the Vegetarian dishes are healthier than they counter parts in the white community. Furthermore, low social class, poor and under-paid occupations, unemployment and dangerous/hazardous jobs are common within the ethnic minority society, which result to poor health conditions resulting to the worst health chances. Which in effect are being persevered through generations resulting to inequality in health within the ethnic minority society. Although the materialist argument is more successful than either the genetic or cultural approaches in explaining health differences between ethnic groups it still fails to adequately explain why they should be so particularly disadvantaged. For example when comparing black and white sharing the same social class position black people are more vulnerable to unemployment. Racism in the private and public housing markets has also been shown to compound inequalities generated by social class. Racism, therefore, is further constraint on the access to conditions of life are more conductive to good health. Also racism may be a reason for a higher death/violence rate in the ethnic minority groups. However, the likelihood of contribution of racism to ill health is complex and varied. Although, high rates of unemployment, redundancy, excessive shift work, compulsion over time and un-social working hours are some issues within the ethnic minority society which contribute to the overall of affect health chances. Finally, both gender and ethnicity create inequalities in health chances within society, as discussed. Some of which can be regarded as acceptable i.e. unavoidable, whilst others can be clearly acknowledged as discriminating, etc. How to cite Assess explanations of gender and ethnic inequalities in health chances, Essays

Creationism Essay Example For Students

Creationism Essay In a typical American high school, Mr. Doe, the science teacher begins his discussion on the theory of evolution. John, a student opposes the idea the humans came from apes and evolved. John believes that men came from God and that man was created in 6 days. Jane hears this and argues against John, How could anything possibly be created in 6 days? This sort of project would take millions of years! By using up all 45 minutes of class time discussing creationism and evolution, this is a metaphor to the eternal debate as to the origin of the human species. The question of how man came into existence is one of the great debates of this century. There is not enough evidence to support creationism, yet there is even less to support evolution. The controversy on the origins of life is still hotly debated to this day. The origins of life can be conceived from the theory of evolution or the theory of creationism. The argument is old earth evolution versus young earth creationism (Seely 2). An astounding 95% of Americans believe in God or a universal spirit, as compared to the 9% who conclude not to have a religion at all (Sheler 2). People have geared towards a more eclectic background on their spiritual journey to meet our own personal need (Sheler 2). Throughout history, humans have been through a gradual accretion rather than one sporadic event after another (Tattersal 58). It is only in the United States that this debate is such a conflict. Humans have an impulse to look unto a higher being rather than a human leader who has faults similar to their own. The higher being God should be one of pure perfection. It is the development or creation of man which is what is so intriguing, it is the mystery of man. As individuals a nd as a whole, people tend to get uneasy between their religious compulses and our their unwavering commitment to a secular society (Sheler 1). As a contradiction within itself, we humans profess fidelity to traditional morality yet champion individual freedom and resist religious authoritarianism (Sheler 1). Our own manifestations of how we originated and where we came from, the debate of the chicken or the egg is just blurred by the ambiguities between creationism and evolution. Was it the egg? If so, where did the egg come from? Eggs come from chickens, but then where did the chicken come from? Human beings are constantly searching for answers that they cannot find or in fact not comprehend. Maybe it was that the egg was conceived and gradually came about through carbon molecules millions of years ago. Perhaps, the egg just suddenly appeared! This metaphor of the egg and the chicken does not have an answer just as the question of how humans originated. Only destiny waits our answ er. The choice is ours (Graham 2). The theory of evolution is still a theory, yet some believe it to be fact. First introduced in 1858, Charles Darwin, the father of evolution introduced the idea that a species changes through inherited characteristics over a period of time (Evolution 1128). During the early 19th century is when this threat to religion began to circulate (Marlantes 1). Gradual change is what evolution is about, no sudden event could occur. Some may wonder, if the Creator uses physics and chemistry to run the universe of life, why wouldnt He have used physics and chemistry to produce it, too (Marlantes 2). Though evolution is one of gradual change, it is sporadic in those changes, whereas creationism is based on a design rather than chance (Seely 6). Evidence proves that man has the power to redefine the boundaries while on the contrary, other species are trapped by their biological nature in their way of life (Sabath 1). Darwin and his theory are the beginnings of t he pre-evolutionary trend toward natural philosophy. There is hard evidence, fossils that prove that we came from something. Some people look towards science and observation describe and to measure the multiple manifestations of life (Gould 6). We are under humanistic thinking because we are but a small thing in this biosphere. Natural selection or mutation is where the majority of change comes from. Though, now because of vaccines, hospitals and such, the idea of natural selection no longer applies. Comparison of Yahoo and MSN Article about Missing EssayEvolution. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 6, 1994:436-443. Graham, Charlotte. The Eternal Debate. SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- artype=ARTsound=nokey=CREATIONISM. 22 Oct. 1994:1-3. Gould, Stephan Jay. Nonoverlapping Magistera. SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- artype=ARTsound=nokey=CREATIONISM. March 1997:1-8. Marlantes, Liz. The evolution of a controversy. ProQuest. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=sid=11dx=25Deli=1RQT=309Dtp=1 23 Dec. 1999:1-2. Onken, Michael. Physics. Microsoft Explorer. http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/dec96/835000890.Phr.html. 18 June 1996:1. Sagan, Carl. The Dragons of Eden : Ballantine Books, 1997. Sheler, Jeffrey L. Spiritual America. SIRS. http://sks.sirs.com/cgi-bin/hst- artype=ARTsound=nokey=CREATIONISM. 4 April 1994:1-10. Sullivan, Robert. 2000 Years of Christianity. Life. December 1999:50-68. Tattersal, Ian. Once We Were Not Alone. Scientific American. Jan. 2000:56-62.

The conflict of Self Essay Example For Students

The conflict of Self Essay The best way to sum up Nel and Sula lies in a quote from the novel Sula. Morrison tells the reader that two very different black girls grew up in the Bottom. The first speaks of Nel, described by the narrator as one whose parents had succeeded in rubbing her down to a dull glow any sparkle or sputter she had (24). A townswoman describes when Sula drank beer she never belched (136). Obviously these two characters are extremely diverse. Sula felt no regret, and Nel was a nobody. Through different settings, conflicts, and diction both Sula and Nels conflicts of finding and accepting their selves arises and makes them who they are (McClain 366). In keeping with the idea that Sula and Nel are compliments to one another, it is fitting that the meaning of their names symbolically compliment each other. Nel, knell, connotes the long dreary sound that a bell makes announcing the death, or tragedy of someone. On the other hand Sula, Solyman, means The Magnificent (Mickelson 315). The meanings of their names are not a coincidence. Morrison wrote the novel Sula in the core of the revived feminist movement (Smith 324). Therefore Morrisons name choice had a great deal to do with her views on femininity. The author greatly admires the way that Sula embraces life and does not look back. Where as she looks down upon Nels follow-the-leader living style. Morrison seems to be motivating the audience to consider a more non-conformist view of life (Mickelson 316)In the literary world the end of most women that rebel end in death. This destiny does not spare Sula. Even on her death bed she holds her position of rejecting the Christian definition of goodness. She believes that only life matters; it alone must serve her whims, and that immortality becomes too high a price to pay for duty and suffering (Mickelson 316). Sula leaves the bottom and embraces the world. She only returns when her appetite for the world if satisfied. Nel on the other hand confirms to the Christian idea that pe rseverance and commitment will in the end have a greater outcome than earthly joy. Nel does just exactly what everyone expects of her. She marries, has kids, and spends her life caring for others and not thinking of herself. An individuals job must be to embrace their whole person-the good, the bad, the fears, the regrets, and even hope and loss. If an individual can not blend two conflicting components of identity together, he then cannot become one. The individual cannot react in certain situations and thus must mimic someone on how to feel. A weak self can surrender totally to the will and power of a stronger self, or the weak self can part of the stronger self, almost as a possession. In a crisis Nels calm and quiescent nature surfaces (Schapiro 307). But all of Sulas being explodes into a mighty and even ferocious action (Mickelson 315). Morrison describes the two being so close that they themselves had difficulty distinguishing ones thoughts from the others (75). Each of the g irls must seek their own self through seeking the other. In this blurring of selves they instead of becoming more distinguished in their own being, they worked until the two holes were one and the same (58). Morrison used Sula and Nel as representations of rebellion and conformity rather than as individual characters with their own minds and motivation. Anne Mickelson writes that Sula:Exceeds boundaries, creates excitement, tries to break free of encroachments of external cultural forces and challenges destiny. Believing that an unpatterned, unconditioned life is possible, Sula tries to avoid uniformity by creating her own kind of life (315)But the author does not just leave the reader to think that Sula made the decision to rebel with out having due cause. She steps in with an armload of explanations distributed over several pages. Sula had inherited her grandmothers arrogance and her mothers self-indulgence; she had never felt any obligation to please someone unless their pleasure pleased her; she was as willing to receive pain as to give it; she had never been the same since she overheard her mother explain that she loved Sula but did not like her; the boys Chicken Little drowning had closed something off in her (316)Literary criticizer does not mention Nel. Maybe she feels that her conformed so much that it explaining it isnt necessary and especially not as interesting as Sulas defiance. .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .postImageUrl , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:visited , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:active { border:0!important; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:active , .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9ca06db94d7f4be3d9929d320a771edb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Physical Fitness Essay We will write a custom essay on The conflict of Self specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now So at the end of the novel who wins? Each one of them never truly found what they sought for individually. But what they had all along was one another. Together Sula and Nel were a whole person. But Sula probably never knew it. Nel did not see it until it was too late. Sulas life exemplifies that of a defiant gesture which in her mind liberates her to an extent, and keeps her from pitying herself. Her pride steers from the fact that she walks through life with no blinders on. Yet no happy ending comes for Sula. She dies in loneliness, not in freedom (Mickelson 316). The town does not even do anything about her death for three days. But Nel is left with a fine cryloud and longbut it had no bottom and it had no to, just circles and circles of sorrow (Morrison 174). So in the end each of them prove that the do need love, and each other. They are part of one another. Bibliography:

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes

How Evolution Explains Zebra Stripes It turns out that zebras are not referees at the horse games as many children may think. In fact, the patterns of the black and white stripes on a zebra are an evolutionary adaptation that has benefits for the animals. Several different and  plausible hypotheses have been proposed for the reason behind the stripes ever since Charles Darwin first came on the scene. Even he puzzled over the significance of the stripes. Over the years, different scientists have suggested the stripes could either be to help camouflage the zebras or confuse predators. Other ideas were to lower body temperature, repel insects, or to help them socialize with one another. The Evolutionary Advantage of Stripes A study, done by Tim Caro and his team from the University of California, Davis, pitted all of these hypotheses against each other and studied the statistics and data gathered. Remarkably, the statistical analysis showed over and over again that the most likely explanation for the stripes was to keep flies from biting the zebras. Although the statistical research is sound, many scientists are careful about declaring that hypothesis the winner until more specific research can be done. So why would stripes be able to keep the flies from biting the zebras? The pattern of the stripes seems to be a deterrent to the flies possibly due to the make up of the flies eyes. Flies have a set of compound eyes, just like humans do, but the way they see out of them is much different. Most species of flies can detect motion, shapes, and even color. However, they do not use cones and rods in their eyes. Instead, they evolved small individual visual receptors called  ommatidia. Each compound eye of the fly has thousands of these ommatidia that create a very broad field of vision for the fly. Another difference between human and fly eyes is that our eyes are attached to muscles that can move our eyes. That allows us to be able to focus as we look around. A flys eye is stationary and cannot move. Instead, each ommatidium collects and processes information from different directions. This means the fly is seeing in several different directions at once and its brain is processing all of this information at the same time. The striped pattern of a zebras coat is a sort of optical illusion to the flys eye because of its inability to focus and see the pattern. It is hypothesized that the fly either misinterprets the stripes as different individuals, or it is a sort of depth perception issue where the flies simply just miss the zebra as they try to feast on it. With the new information from the team at the University of California, Davis, it may be possible for other researchers in the field to experiment and get more information about this very advantageous adaptation for zebras and why it works to keep the flies at bay. As stated above, however, many scientists in the field are hesitant to back this research. There are many other hypotheses as to why zebras have stripes, and there may be several contributing factors as to why zebras have stripes. Just like several human traits are controlled by multiple genes, zebra stripes may be the equivalent for the zebra species. There may just be more than one reason as to why the zebras evolved stripes and not having flies biting them may just be one of them (or a pleasant side effect of the real reason).

Australian Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Australian Foreign Policy - Essay Example It is argued, however that the media is too influential on public opinion; and it is the proprietors of the industry making all of the decisions.world. What role does Public opinion and media play in the making foreign policy in Australia is the central research question of this paper. It is in relation to this debate that it becomes crucial to analyse the critical political economy of the news media. The critical political economy is the power and influence exerted by media owners, government and culture for the forming of country's foreign policies.The content and information presented in this paper is based on research and survey conducted by leading agencies to study the media and public opinion influence of foreign policy decision making in Australia. The media is an extremely influential factor in society. Is the media a political institution, in that it decides who gets what, when and how through formal organizations and procedures Or is it a business The radical theory suggests that 'the media generates content that garners the greatest profit'1 (Ranganathan, 2002) The liberal theory of the media suggests that it is not just what interests the public, but what is in the best interest of the public. News is the reporting of facts, or news otherwise not known. ... 'The Australian Broadcasting Commission felt that in those days to use pictures, was to descend to the levels of the popular press.'(Mason & Lean, 1992:42) Today, on the other hand, findings from various surveys conclude that television is the most popular news source and the one in which the majority of the public lay their trust.A survey conducted on 60 Australia all- party political decision makers from both Federal and State Governments showed the great influence that mass media and public opinion exert on foreign policy decision making in Australia. The survey can be summarized as follows2: Media + Community= Highest Influence on Government The findings reveal that Australian politicians are most influenced by the public opinion and media. Use of local newspaper and politician's local community is known to be considered as two main critical points to influence their decision-making. Timely data + Active public engagement= Effective tool for influencing on Government. Provision of timely & accurate market and direct, active public engagement are considered as most effective and powerful communication tools for making a point to government. The role of media is reporting of facts, events or news otherwise not known. . Originally, news was broadcasted on radio, always with one white, male presenter reading the entire bulletin. 'The use of pictures in those days was considered as descending the levels of the very much popular press. .Today, on the other hand, findings from various surveys conclude that television is the most popular news source and the one in which the majority of the public lay their trust. In terms of television media as a whole, it is

Government Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Government Agency - Essay Example They are supposed to help each other especially in the absence of the other person since he is the nearest one in the area. One post man was sick for one week so he was not able to deliver the mails. While the other knows it, he deliberately did not finish he tasks of the other post man, leaving some mails undelivered. Upon the return of the sick postman, he discovered that not all mails were delivered and some of them are urgent. It has caused the conflict between the two postmen so that the Postmaster had to intervene. As a judicial authority, the Postmaster has pushed for a truce between the two postmen, giving a proper sanction to the one who failed to deliver the mail such as asking him to deliver the remaining mails, while helping the sick post man to deliver the recent mails. The Postmaster has also created a rule that the postman at the adjacent county should be responsible for all the letters left by a sick postman-partner so that he is liable for any loss or

Classcial Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Classcial Mythology - Essay Example This exercise gives the account of event and mysteries surrounding Apollo, the god sun of greek mythology and thereafter touch on the significance to modern belief system. Apollo was a son of Zeus and Leto. He was born under difficult circumstances as his mother, Leto was on the run all over the earth looking for a peaceful place to rest and give birth. Hera, the wife of Zeus was caught up with jealousy after discovering that his husband was expecting a child with his lover Leto (Hugh, 17). Thence, this led her to give Leto a chase so she could not get a place to rest and give birth. Luckily, Leto was able to find a place on Delos island where she was received warmly and after nine days of labor she bore twins, Apollo and his sister Artemis. Themis gave aid to Leto when was giving birth. Zeus became pleased and welcomed the twins giving them both silver bows and arrows. He also assured Themis that she would not be bothered in matters concerning marriage as she could live freely if she never intends to be married. Zeus gave to Apollo a golden and magnificent chariot which was pulled by swans. After the delivery Leto had little strength to continue. Apollo was born under a palm tree which later became a sacred place on the slopes of mount Cynthus. Before the birth of Apollo the island Delos was floating but their delivery it became anchored to the earth. Upon the birth of Apollo, Themis gave him ambrosia and nectar which made to rise and requested for a bow and a lyre. He then made a declaration that he was to bring the men of the world to the realm of his father. This made Delos glad and wrapped herself up with golden flowers. The birth Apollo is believed to be on the seventh month according to the ancient tradition. This made the seventh month sacred to him that it was celebrated after through sacrifices and festivals according to Hugh (36). Apollo was known as the god with the bow and arrows. He never tolerated the wicked and the

Public Health Issue: Smoking

Public Health Issue: Smoking ENHANCING HEALTH AND WELLBEING ACROSS POPULATIONS: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this essay is to identify a public health issue related in my field. To facilitate the discussion smoking as a public health issue has been chosen. The holistic impact smoking have on the wellbeing of an individual will be explored. The stage of change model and the Healthy Lives (2010) policy will be explored in relation to smoking. The rationale for choosing this topic is because smoking is an important public health issue. The smoke is very toxic to every human tissue it touches on its way into, through and out of the smoker’s body (Ewles 2005). The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Pe to et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively every year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009). Smoking is considered as a health hazard because Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a poisonous alkaloid, and other harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, acrolein, ammonia and tars.Gorvenment initiatives like the Public Health White Paper, choosing health; Making Choices Easier (DH 2004) will be addressed. The nurse’s role and other professions involved will be highlighted .Confidentiality shall be maintained throughout this essay as prescribed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). In addition the fact about Nicotine (2006) suggests some people they smoke for different reason to justify their bad habits, some beliefs that smoking will make them loose weight/or maintaining their weight, peer pressure, reliefs stress, their families and siblings are smoking. Many people thinks it is a good thing to smoke whereas young ones thinks it is cool to be a smoker .The more you smoker too many cigarettes that’s how you get more the hormones from it.Smoking can cause chronic swelling of the mucus membranes of the airways, which adds to airways resistance. Public health is defined it as the science and art of protecting and promoting health and wellbeing, preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised effects of society (Faculty of Public Health 2010). Smoking is defined as the inhaling and exhaling of smoke from tobacco of other drugs (World Health Organisation 2008). The Department of Health (2011) states that in the United Kingdom, smoking is one of the causes of avoidable premature deaths. The WHO (2008) estimates that tobacco smoking accounts for almost 6 million deaths worldwide that is including second-hand smoke and the number is expected rise to 7 million by 2020. Allender, et al (2009) states that for every smoking related death, 20 people are likely to suffer some disease associated with smoking such as cancer, COPD heart disease and stroke. In England between 2010-2011 smoking related diseases accounted for 5 percent of NHS hospital admissions and treating smoking related diseases costs the NHS approximately  £5 billion a year (Ericksen et al 2012). Smoking is known to affect the bio-psychosocial life of an individual as people smoke for different reasons Health Psychology: Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Perspectives. According to the DH (2009) nicotine, tar and bupropion are the most common toxins that have damaging effects to the body. â€Å"Pearson Nurse’s Drug (2010), states that Nicotine acts as a stimulant within the cardiovascular system and causes vasoconstriction, the thinning of blood vessels causing hypertension and chest pains. Goddard (2008) suggests that tar, is also toxic when inhaled during smoking and it reduces the elasticity of the lungs thereby reducing the intake of oxygen in the blood stream. Marmot The review key massage is on decreasing the social sectors and public groups has to work in organisation. (Marmot 2010) gradient in order to accomplish purposes in reducing health inequalities. Chances to decrease the social gradient has to be universal that is starting at a local level. For example authorising local groups and individuals shall be effective than concentrating on the disadvantaged only. This means that the NHS, private. The governments document Choosing Health (2004) seeks that people have choices about their health through health guides, receiving advice on their healthy living and being encouraged to make healthier changes in their lives. The introduction of the stop smoking service and a 24 hour free telephone service are important in supporting people to stop smoking. NICE (2011) highlights that Health professionals play a very important role in teaching them about the results of chain smoking and motivating them and empowering them into changing their behavioural life style. Tanahill model describes three aspects of health promotion, these three circle Identify the major functions of public health. The aspects are Health Education, Prevention and Health Protection. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfill their potential FILL IN SOMETHING LEFT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The health issues described above could be tackled in diverse angles. A Tanahill model of health is a guideline that professionals uses to protect, promote and educate individuals to make healthy choices. By educating and offering support health professionals can empower individuals to choice a healthy lifestyle. In 2012Hisocock, Bauld, Amos Filder and Munafo indicated that individuals use smoking as a coping device to manage pressures and stress. Also, Mendelsohn (2012) stated that smoking is intensely connected with depression, people that are depressed are more likely to smoke. In 2012, Turrell, Hewwitt and Miller identified that individuals that lives in deprived neighbourhood have more probability to smoke. Health inequalities are the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups. (RNC, 2012). These differences are social determinants and may include: housing, financial security, education and environment in which people are born, grow up and live in. Housing: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) identified that the possibility of being a smoker is considerably intensified for individuals that lives in a rented accommodation.Moreover,In 2011,Howden –chapman,Chandola,Stafford and Marmot stated that the self-esteem of an individual can be affected by the quality of their house. They further stated that, the effect of stress and not having control over repairs of one’s house can affect mental health. Also 2012 study by Ansell,Gu,Tuiut and Shinha stated that increasing stress is connected with increase chance of smoking. In 2013, Prochorskaite and Miliene stated that, damp condition in the house can lead to breathing problems and asthma, skin irritation’s and are also related to poor housing. According to Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) Unemployment is a very popular determinant of health, many people and their family suffer from premature deaths because of this. NHS (2004) states that when an individual loses their job this can affect their self-esteem including their financial circumstances, which can therefore trigger emotional distress. Even though the relationship between unemployment and ill health is similar, unemployment is clearly related with greater levels of physical and psychological health for the individual who is unemployed, together with those close to them, as well as their community. NHS (2009). â€Å"A lot of jobless people will eventually lose contact with who they are as well as what they are† NHS (2012). Tanahill model states that nurses should be role model when providing education or assistance about smoking, as Carmel and Rijid (2000) said that nurses were the best people to give information in educating and counselling the public about smoking. Bethel J (2008) impulses all health profession who have yet to quit smoking not to give patients confusing smoke motions. When counselling the Nurses should continuously use four A’s, Ask, Assist, Arrange and Advice. The individual would be asked about their smoking pattern and assisted in making a choice. The clever methodology should be applied in setting accurate aims for the patients to follow. Information on the benefits of quitting to smoke and information such as brochures must be given to support the patient in making a choice People should be discharged and then referred to local NHS Stop Smoking . When discharging patients as nurse we should be helping by educating patients, counselling them, giving out flyers, try to educate them as much as we can, also nurses must make some referrals to community campaigners like Stoptober. Also knowledge of a person’s health beliefs is a condition to supporting interactive adjustment cessations. Marmot Report (2010), showed that there is more possibility for adults who take parts in courses in education to give up smoking and also that adults learning significantly aid positive alterations in health behaviours. The Report goes on to say individuals can be empowered through early intervention and local health trainers to manage their health however, several deprived individuals finds it hard to access and explore healthcare. In 2012 Tenn , Herman and Wendling stated that, education may raise alertness of the damaging health effect of smoking and individuals that are more educated are far less expected to smoke. As nurses we must indicate by models, we need to implement current smoking cessation interventions to reduce the tobacco credited flexibility and death.Smokers should be advised to stop smoking by following smoking cessations like clinical for behavioural supports.The National Institute for Health and Care Excecllence (NICE) recommending to reduce the prevalence of smoking in people in groups and ethnic groups. The Government gets profits by selling tobacco, yet this is an obstacle to people who are trying to stop smoking. When it comes to preventing and treating tobacco requirement nurses are the best people to act as agents of changes. Patients must have more counselling from Health professionals in order for them to quit smoking. Providing service users with some advices it benefits them to urges smoke, especially when speaking to somebody, keeping themselves busy or taking a walk. Smouldering cessations is a preventative health measure’s, yet several medical doctor give it only perfunctory mention during unchanging office appointments or avoid over it totally. (NRT) Nicotine Replacement Therapy or bupropion is to be given to people who are planning to quit smoking.These should be used as interventions.Goddard (2008) stated that smoking causes cardiovascular diseases occurs to people who are light smokers as well ( Dunn et al 1999). 24 300 deaths were from Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease such as chronic bronchitis and Emphysema were direct results of smoking. According to Jerome (1987) smoking one cigarette immediately raises a person’s blood pressure and heart rate decrease the blood flow to the body extremities such as the fingers and toes. Brain and nervous system activity is stimulated for a short time and then reduced, a smoker may also experience dizziness, nausea, watery eyes and acid stomach.Apettite and smell are weakened. Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Karen.et.al 1999). Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. Secondary prevention detects on early stage and it gives a swift treatment of diseases to cure the disease earlier. This helps to reduce the impact on peoples in community also states that screening for diseases has to be done, such as computerized test so that it will detect the heart diseases early, eye tests for glaucoma, blood tests, Pap test for cervical test and Prostate Specific Antigen (APS) test for prostate cancer screening will benefit people by getting disease to be detected early so that the treatment can be initiated.Tannahil model states that preventing helps to lessens mortality, morbidity and all those serious complications. In 2010 the white paper Healthy Live Healthy People set out the government long term policy for improving public health and in 2011 a new tobacco control plan was published (Department of Health 2011). The Whitepaper Healthy Life Healthy People set out a range of measures aimed at preventing people from starting to smoke and helping them to stop, such as banning cigarettes advertising on billboards, in size and action on tobacco intensified (DH, 2011).Issues highlighted were to ban retailers who sell tobacco to people. England shops under a series of measures set out by the Department of Health (DPH 2011).In 2010 a box of cigarette was higher up by 15p, later the head of government increased duties by 1% above deflation. Liability will double to 2% above deflation over 2011-2015.NHS smoking services is the health promotion strategy, which was started by the government in 2000.The administration has made stop smoking aid presented on NHS treatment, bupropion (zyban).NICE has hand out regulation on use of NRT and bupropion (zyban).NICE has given control on use of NRT and bupropion and role of therapy and support. The government release money every year to encourage the stop smoking packages and training is given to health care workers and Nurses. The Legal age limit was elevated from 16 to 18 years in October 2007 (ONS 2007 ).The Health Commission was to observed what PCT were doing to decrease smoking. Free smoking was banned from the 1st of July 2007 in England and it’s now a crime /offence .National Health Services (NHS 2010) The NHS stop smoking services and A24 hour free phone services is offered to help broad public quit smoking. The DH has employed so many adverts in the broadcasting concerning the hazards of smoking. Additional amount planned in the 2010 White Paper -smoking kills was to end the advertising and sponsorship and promotion of tobacco (ONS 2007). Who defines about what influences people’s health and what are effective interventions or strategies to improve health. Health promotion a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health. It implies that the ideology moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Naidoo and Wills (2010), states ‘health promotion is based on theories. The Government strategy in England was to reduce the impact of tobacco in communities, campaigns organizations was organized and came up with a consultation report on the future of tobacco control (2008).this was to be achieved by working in partnership with local regional, national and international levels. In consultation 17% in the general population of which 23% among RM to be achieved by 2015.Maybe fewer smoking people by 2020, and to achieve one in 20 fewer smoking people by 2030.The government‘s goals were to achieve by Better enforcement of existing laws with respect of underage smoking linking with social market campaigns and tackling underage smoking linking with social markets campaigns, also PTC authorities to work in partnership to set priority groups. The United Kingdom Support International initiative and effort on tobacco control through the world health organization. (WHO) treaty Framework Convention on tobacco (FCTC), (DOH 2008).As smoking remains to be a majo r cause of preventable premature deaths with statistics of 137,000 smokers approximately. North Staffordshire came up with a vision of tobacco control Agenda for West Midlands in 2005-2008 , with the aim of Support for smoking cessation:- this consist a network scheme providing support to people who are determined to stop. Professionals are always available to help with brief interventions. Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke:-businesses in Staffordshire are encouraged to implement smoke-free policies to reduce passive smoking therefore enhance a safe environment for the public children inclusive (Stoke-on-Trent PCT).Naidoo Willis (2006) stated that reducing tobacco advertising and promotion:-this reduces smoke recruitment in youth.(smoke busters) (Stoke-on-Trent PCT National smoking communication.:- a national network and partnership in promoting smoke free environment in Staffordshire. Reducing availability of illicit and smuggled tobacco and underage sales.(DH2005). The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005).). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Peto et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively ev ery year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009). Having mentioned prons and cons of smoking .The writers ‘s opinion is that stopping smoking is a better idea.

Abstract Expressionism Essay -- Visual Art Paintings Artists

Abstract Expressionism "New needs need new techniques. And the modern artists have found new ways and new means of making their statements ... the modern painter cannot express this age, the airplane, the atom bomb, the radio, in the old forms of the Renaissance or of any other past culture." Jackson Pollock Rarely has such a massive transfer of influence has ever touched the world as did in the Paris to New York shift of the 1940's and 1950's. All of the characters of American art were to be expelled in a rapid shift of power. No longer would American artists be the lamb suckling at the teat of European sources, American art was to dispose of narrow-mindedness, an uninterested public, and liberate itself into a valued and meaningful force equal to, and in fact exceeding that of, art produced anywhere within the era. The painting and sculpture that emerged from the 'New York School' in the mid 1940s was the foremost artistic movement of its time. It was labelled as the Abstract Expressionist movement. This is a turning point in American art history for the reason that it caused the rest of the art world to recognize New York as the new center of innovation. The outbreak of World War Two had devastated the world massively, crushing world economies, social structure and optimistic manifestos left, right and centre. The war had long ruled out any naÃÆ'Â ¯ve enthusiasm for art or artist, art no longer had the courage to be a vehicle for ideology of any kind. European art took a more realist stance post-war and the Paris scene delved into accuracy and subjective art. The demand for art increased as financial affluence returned to the world, particularly America which (having entered the war later than most Allies) had not been so damaged economically and socially by the war. America had not suffered extensive bombing like Europe and was prepared to invest in art 'Modern art became a modern and popular affair' (Mid-Century Paintings in the USA by) Technological advances like progress in printing and reproduction methods brought art to a larger amount of the public, no longer was art a fad or declaration of wealth owned only by the elite. Government grants, banks churches and communities began to reward artists for works in exhibition and fund displays; this insured that a steady flow of art and artists were drawn from shell-sh... ...m. In Minimalism objects are cut down to their fundamental, geometric form, and presented in an impersonal manner. This movement is a direct descendant of Abstract Expressionism, and colour-field painters in particular. Large scale washes of colour in sections and the overall emotion evoked being far more important than any kind of subject matter. A number of famous developments were led by artists associated with Abstract Expressionists and New York school artists. As the influence of abstract expressionism decreased in the 1960s, artists came to question the very philosophy underlying modernism. As the force and vigour of abstract expressionism diminished, new artistic movements and styles arose during the 1960s and 70s to challenge and displace modernism in painting, sculpture, and other media. This is how Pop art reared its head. Dada-like styles employed in the early 1960s and thereafter by Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns had widespread influence, as did the styles of many other artists. Abstract Expressionism, far from dead however, is still very much alive and living. It lives in modern pieces and artists across the globe; its influence knows no bounds.

The Impact of Downsizing on Manufacturing Industries

The amount of information on the effects of down sizing on manufacturing was not plentiful, however one main point that flows through all of the articles is that even though down sizing may be done to help a company it can end up hurting them in the long run. In the paragraphs to follow we look at the effects that downsizing has on people and companies as well as look at whether or not downsizing is truly the answer. Parker (2003)Reports that in 2003 the expected job losses among the manufacturing industries in Great Britain would create the effects of rising input costs and oil price increase on the job cuts; Downturn of the purchasing managers' index for manufacturing; Decrease in the rate of manufacturer's orders. So even though these cuts may be necessary he pointed out that it would have an overall negative effect. The Midwest may be the focus of manufacturing layoffs and financial woes(Link, 2005), but according to this survey, people who live in the area of the country that includes Cleveland and Detroit in the low- to moderate-income lax bracket are using less of their income to pay for housing than other areas of the country. The study, dubbed the Housing Landscape for America's working Families 2005, revealed that from 1997 to 2003 the number of America's working class who spend more than half of their income on housing leaped from 2. million to 4. 2 million. The study also revealed that immigrant families are 75% more likely to use more of their income to pay for housing than American-born citizens. Across the country there are 14 million people that spend too much of their income 10 pay for housing. About 35% of that group is low- to moderate-income families. In 2003, the critical housing need for the Midwest totaled 8. 7% of residents while the West Coast had a need among I6. 89 (of its residents. The South followed the Midwest for a lower critical housing need with 9. % while the Northeast trailed California with a need among 14. 2% of its residents (Link, 2005). (Palley, 1999) Reported that given the dismal economic performance that marked the period from 1990 to 1995, when downsizing was widespread, inequality widened, and real wages fell, the subsequent U-turn in performance has been completely unexpected. Moreover, it has been cause for further surprise that the economy has continued to prosper despite the East Asian financial crisis, which destabilized global financial markets, undermined U. S. exports, and unleashed a surge in U. S. imports. A second source of uncertainty (Palley, 1999) concerns the sustainability of the growth of personal consumption spending, which had been the principal engine of economic expansion in the past two years. In 1997, personal consumption expenditure contributed 59 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, and in 1998 it contributed 85 percent. Meanwhile, in 1997 and 1998 nominal personal consumption expenditures grew 5. 3 percent and 5. 7 percent, respectively, while nominal disposable income grew only 4. 7 percent and 4. 0 percent. From the Federal Reserve's perspective, this pattern is not sustainable since consumption is growing faster than potential output, which implies that the economy will eventually hit an inflationary wall. An alternative interpretation is that such growth is not sustainable because households must inevitably run short of financial wherewithal, and when this happens, an economic decline will ensue. According to this view, recession rather than inflation is the danger. A last scenario concerns the possibility of a full-scale crash or economic depression. Such an outcome is the least likely of the three scenarios, but it is still more likely than it used to be. In the 1960s and 1970s, the possibility of an economic depression was truly far removed. However, in the 1990s such a notion has surfaced as plausible, even if unlikely. Recent events in the global economy have added further credibility to this possibility. One reason a crash has become more likely is that many of the factors precipitating a hard landing are already in place, which means that many of them could be realized simultaneously. Indeed, many of these factors are linked in trip-wire fashion so that if one occurs, it triggers another. Thus a Federal Reserve-induced increase in interest rates could trigger a stock market crash, and this could then trigger an end to the spending boom. It could also trigger renewal of global financial instability. Similarly, a renewal of global financial instability could become the event that bursts the stock market bubble. Alternatively, a realization that the existing U. S. urrent-account trajectory is unsustainable could trigger a foreign exchange crisis that would renew global financial market instability, trigger a stock market crash, or evoke a Federal Reserve rate hike to protect the exchange rate and guard against imported inflation. Finally, if the economic expansion begins to flag of old age, overoptimistic projections of corporate profitability could pop, triggering a stock market crash. Also, a flagging economy could renew global financial turmoil by ending the U. S. conomy's role as buyer of last resort, thereby undermining the rest of the world's economic recovery, which rests significantly on export-led growth. However, it is not just this interconnectedness of negative factors that lies behind the increased plausibility of a crash. A second and more important factor concerns changes in the structure of the domestic and global economy that have diminished the presence of â€Å"automatic stabilizers† and replaced them with â€Å"automatic destabilizers. â€Å"These destabilizers work in a pro-cyclical fashion. On the cyclical upswing they make for stronger and longer expansions, but on the downswing they make for deeper and more sustained contractions. One important change concerns patterns of employment and remuneration. In earlier business cycles, labor hoarding was a common practice–firms held on to workers through downturns in order to retain their skills and avoid future hiring costs. However, the changed pattern of the employment relationship means that firms now hire and fire much more freely, making labor incomes more pro-cyclical. It is also the case, especially in manufacturing, that overtime has become more important as firms have sought to save on employment costs by extending hours rather than hiring new personnel. Wage income is therefore more vulnerable to downturns since hours can quickly be cut back in a downturn. Finally, casual evidence suggests that there may have been an increase in the use of incentive pay, with greater reliance on stock options and profit-related bonuses. In a downturn these forms of pay are likely to fall off rapidly, contributing to a larger decline in household income and spending. In sum, the above labor market developments all make wage income more procyclical, thereby increasing the pro-cyclicality of demand (Palley, 1999). Another development concerns the general flexibility of wages. In the period from 1950 to 1980, recessions were characterized by a decline in the rate of increase in nominal wages. However, the important point is that wages still rose in recession. The recessions of 1981-1982 and 1990-1991 suggest that a new pattern may have emerged. Now not only does the rate of wage inflation slow, but nominal wages can fall. This is a very important development when it is considered in conjunction with the new debt-driven business cycle. The ability to repay consumer debt depends on the nominal value of income. In a recession the value of debts remains unchanged, but now wage incomes may show a tendency to fall. This will tend to increase debt burdens and raise the prevalence of bankruptcy, thereby deepening recessions. Just as developments in labor markets have contributed to the emergence of automatic destabilizers, so have developments in financial markets. Households now have significantly increased access to credit. In particular, households are able to borrow more heavily against their assets, thereby increasing their ratio of debt to income. Home equity loans are the most prominent example. Another is the ability to borrow on margin against stock holdings. These innovations and their spread give the economy a strong pro-cyclical impulse, but they also generate greater financial fragility. Thus, in upswings when asset prices and wages are rising, households borrow more and spend more, thereby lengthening the cycle. However, when the downswing occurs, households are now saddled with greater indebtedness and may also be subject to margin calls. This worsens the downturn and may contribute to even greater stock market corrections (Palley, 1999). The shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension plans is another automatic destabilize. First, households are able to borrow against these contributions. Second, these plans may change household consumption and saving behavior since each month they receive statements showing how the value of their pension holdings has increased. Thus, as stock market prices rise, households cut back on saving and increase consumption, while some households borrow against their appreciated 401(k) accounts. However, stock prices are likely to fall in a recession, while the incurred debts will remain unchanged. At that time, households will have larger debts and reduced holdings of liquid assets. Finally, it is worth noting that prices in the stock market may have been at bubble levels for more than three years; recall that Chairman Greenspan gave his â€Å"irrational exuberance† warning back in 1996. This means that a considerable amount of borrowing and spending has taken place on the basis of these bubble prices, so the bubble may be deeply embedded in the balance sheets of agents. This means that a market correction is likely to be all the more severe. In effect, the size of the negative impact of an asset price bubble is positively related to the duration of the price bubble. Accompanying these changes in the domestic economy have been changes in the global economy that have contributed to the emergence of international automatic destabilizes. One change is the increased degree of international financial capital mobility. When a country's financial markets begin to fall, it is easier for asset holders to exit, thereby creating a larger stampede for the exit. Foreign holders have an incentive to exit to protect the domestic-currency value of their holdings, and they now have a larger impact because of their increased holdings. Domestic holders are also more likely to exit because of reduced transaction costs and the increased sophistication of financial markets. They recognize that exit is the way to maximize the dollar value of portfolios when the dollar is under pressure. A second development is the increased international integration of goods markets. In theoretical terms, the foreign trade expenditure multiplier has become larger, which means that economic activity across countries has become more connected, making for greater amplitude in the world business cycle. In the 1950s and 1960s it was said that when the U. S. economy sneezes, the world economy catches a cold. Globalization of goods markets may have created a situation in which the U. S. economy sneezes and the world economy catches pneumonia. In this study (Wertheim, 2004), has developed a hypothesis which combines the effects of both economic impact and pre-disclosure information with the financial distress and potential benefit hypotheses developed in prior research in corporate downsizing. Instead of offering that these two hypotheses as competing and mutually exclusive, evidence are provided that supports the conclusion that these hypotheses simultaneously explain concurrent and additive effects on the stock price reaction to announcements of company layoffs. Finally, results indicate that the relationship between economic impact, pre-disclosure information and stock price reaction to layoff announcements depends on the relative dominance of the signals provided by the layoff about both financial distress and potential benefit. (Palley, 1999)stated that for policymakers at the Federal Reserve, the goal is a soft landing, though some (those who continue to believe in the natural rate of unemployment) think a bumpy landing is desirable since they believe that the unemployment rate is now below the natural rate. Thus not only is the economy expanding more rapidly than potential output, but the level of output already exceeds the level of potential output. Consequently, not only must the rate of output growth decrease, but the rate of unemployment must also rise back to the natural rate in order to avoid accelerating inflation. Since around 1980, there has been a determined drive to downsize American organizations (Budros, 1999) and there currently is no end in sight to this movement, even though studies underscore its technical-economic and human dysfunctions. This situation indicates a need to consider why organizations downsize in the first place, yet the shortcomings of the scholarly literature on this issue are conspicuous (Budros 1997). Therefore, in that paper he offered some systematic thoughts on the causes of downsizing. He developed a conceptual framework for exploring organizational innovation that features two under explored dimensions associated with this phenomenon, the basis of organizational action (rational versus irrational) and social context (organizational versus extra-organizational). He then portrayed downsizing as an organizational innovation and identified factors that lead organizations to downsize. (Palley, 1999) suggests that there are three possible future paths–a soft landing, a hard landing, and a crash. A soft or hard landing is by far the more likely outcome, but, that said, it is possible to imagine conditions in which a crash will occur. Japan's prolonged hard landing, East Asia's economic crisis, and the October 1998 near-meltdown of global financial markets have all added plausibility to such an outcome. A soft landing has the rate of output growth gradually slow to a level consistent with potential output growth. According to current consensus thinking, this potential rate of growth is somewhere between 2 and 2. 5 percent, though New Economy optimists claim it to be as high as 3 percent. A bumpier version of the soft landing (a. k. a. growth recession) has the rate of output growth slowing below potential but growth still remaining positive. Under this scenario, unemployment rises but the economy avoids a formal recession since output continues to grow. A hard landing has the decline in output growth such that it turns negative so that the economy is pushed into recession and unemployment rises even more. Finally, a crash involves a collapse in the rate of output growth, so that the economy enters a deep recession that may even border on a depression (Palley, 1999). The use of an organizational innovation framework to examine downsizing clearly has shed light on this phenomenon (Budros, 1999), revealing that organizations may make people cuts in response to rational organizational, rational extra organizational, irrational organizational, and irrational extra organizational processes. Of particular interest is the realization that scholars have focused almost exclusively on rational (organizational and extra-organizational) causes of downsizing, neglecting the role irrational forces may play in work force reductions. Perhaps this situation prevails because of the longstanding inclination among scholars to view organizations as efficiency-minded social actors. But if we are to develop a complete understanding of downsizing, then we must evaluate the impact of rational and irrational factors on this practice. This research investigates organizational practices in downsizing after a restructure and the effects of these practices on an organization and its employees (Labib, 1993), in particular, and on other stakeholders in general. Findings indicated that it is not downsizing that causes negative effects on both terminated and surviving employees, but rather the human resources practices used to implement downsizing; such as advance notification, method of termination, and amount and type of post-termination assistance given. This research further found that organizations often do not achieve their strategic goals after downsizing because they do not adjust their work processes and their human resource management practices to the new size and structure of the organization. Based on the literature review, a process model for the development and implementation of downsizing plans is proposed. The model is designed to provide a guide to be used by organizations when downsizing to ensure that the interests of all stakeholders are taken into account. The proposed model is tested through a field research in the form of case studies of five major organizations in Canada. The actual practices of these organizations are outlined and compared to the proposed process model, both collectively and individually. The differences are then analyzed and a new revised model is proposed that emphasizes, not only the downsizing process itself, but also what organizations must do during and after downsizing to ensure that employees' needs are met and that the new strategic goals that prompted the downsizing are achieved. Two conclusions are drawn from this research. The first is that downsizing, if it is necessary, must be undertaken in a way that would cause the least amount of pain to those affected which is the ethical responsibility of good corporate citizenship. The second conclusion is that downsizing, in itself, is not enough to ensure increased profitability and goal attainment, but rather, it is how the organization functions afterward that will indicate whether or not the downsizing was a good or bad thing(Labib). The topic of off shoring generates extreme differences of opinion among policy makers, business executives, and thought leaders. Some have argued that nearly all service jobs will eventually move from developed economies to low-wage ones. Others say that rising wages in cities such as Bangalore and Prague indicate that the supply of offshore talent is already running thin. To a large extent, these disagreements reflect the confusion surrounding the newly integrating and still inefficient global labor market. Much as technology change is making it possible to integrate global capital markets into a single market for savings and investment, so digital communications are giving rise to what is, in effect, a single global market for those jobs that can now, thanks to IT, be performed remotely from customers and colleagues. The newly integrating nature of this global labor market has strategic and tactical implications for companies and countries alike. Information and insight about it are sparse, however, and executives and policy makers have little of either for making the decisions they face. To provide help for governments and companies in both high- and low-wage economies, the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) analyzed the potential availability of offshore talent in 2. 8 low-wage nations and the likely demand for it in service jobs across eight of the developed world's sectors (chosen as a representative cross-section of the global economy): automotive (service jobs only), financial services, health care, insurance, IT services, packaged software, pharmaceuticals (service jobs only), and retailing. These sectors provide about 23 percent of the nonagricultural jobs in developed countries. The study, which projects trends to 2008, aims to assess the dynamics of supply and demand for offshore service talent at the occupational, sectoral, and global level and thus the likely impact on both employment and wages in the years ahead. MGI's analysis provides a panoramic view of the off shoring of services, as well as a number of useful conclusions, including: Off shoring will probably continue to create a relatively small global labor market – one that threatens no sudden discontinuities in overall levels of employment and wages in developed countries. Demand for offshore labor by companies in the developed world will increasingly push up wage rates for some occupations in low-wage countries, but not as high as current wage levels for those occupations in developed ones. Potential global supply and likely demand for offshore talent are matched inefficiently, with demand outstripping supply in some locations and supply outstripping demand in others. The more efficiently the emerging global labor market functions, of course, the more value it will create for its participants by allocating resources more economically. Both companies and countries can take specific measures to raise its efficiency in clearing demand and supply. Broadly speaking, a suitably qualified person anywhere in the world could undertake any task that requires neither substantial local knowledge nor physical or complex interaction between an employee and customers or colleagues. Using these criteria, we estimate that 11 percent of service jobs around the world could be carried out remotely. Of course, some sectors provide an unusually large number of such jobs. As a rule, industries with more customer-facing functions have less potential in this respect. Consequently, the retailing sector, in which the vast majority of employees work in stores, could offshore only 3 percent of its jobs by 2008. Yet because retailing is such a huge employer around the world, this would be equivalent to 4,900,000 positions. In contrast, by 2008 it will be possible to undertake remotely almost half of all jobs in the packaged-software industry, but in this far less labor-intensive business, that represents only 340,000 positions. Some occupations also are more amenable than others to remote employment. The most amenable to it are engineering, on the one hand, and finance and accounting, on the other (52 percent and 31 percent, respectively). The work of generalist and support staff is much less amenable (9 percent and 3 percent, respectively), because those workers interact with their customers or colleagues extensively. But generalists and support workers permeate every industry and therefore provide the highest absolute number of jobs that remote talent could fill: a total of 26,000,000. In practice, just a small fraction of the jobs that could go offshore actually will. Today, around 565,000 service jobs in the eight sectors we evaluated have been off shored to low-wage countries. By 2008, that number will grow to 1,200,000. Extrapolating these numbers to the entire global economy, we estimate that total offshore employment will grow from 1,500,000 jobs in 2003 to 4,100,000 in 2008 – just 1 percent of the total number of service jobs in developed countries. To put this number in perspective (in what is, to be sure, not a direct comparison), consider the fact that an average of 4,600,000 people in the United States started work with new employers every month in the year ending March 2005. Why is the gap between the potential and actual number of jobs moving offshore so large? Many observers think that regulatory barriers stand in the way, but MGI interviews indicate that company-specific considerations (such as management attitudes, organizational structure, and scale) are generally more powerful deterrents. Companies cite cost pressures as the main incentive to hire offshore labor, for example, but the strength of cost pressures varies by sector. Many companies lack sufficient scale to justify the costs of off shoring. Others find that the functions they could offshore in theory must actually stay where they are because their internal processes are so complex. Often, managers are wary of overseeing units on the other side of the world or unwilling to take on the burden of extra travel. On the supply side, developing countries produce far fewer graduates suitable for employment by multinational companies than the raw numbers might suggest. Nonetheless, the potential supply of appropriate workers is large and growing fast, and some small countries boast surprisingly large numbers of them.

rain forrsest essays

rain forrsest essays Rain forests may be grouped into two major types: tropical and temperate. Tropical rain forest is evergreen trees that form a closed canopy, below which is found a zone of vines and epiphytes where plants grow on trees, a relatively open forest floor, and a very large number of species of both plant and animal life. The largest trees have buttressed trunks above the continuous canopy, while smaller trees form a layer of more shade-delicate species beneath the upper canopy. The maximum height of the upper canopy of tropical rain forests is usually around 100 to 165 ft, with some individual trees rising as high as 200 ft above the forest floor. Conifers such as redwood and Sitka spruce tend to predominate in North America, while their counterparts in the southern hemisphere include various species of eucalyptus, Araucaria and Nothofagus. Th rain forest is home to many species of rare animals and plants. In the past and present history it has also been the home of over one hundred and twenty over the counte r prescriptions. All of this information has brought up the question that is on many minds, Should economic organizations, buisnesses and individual governments be allowed to continue the use and at times the abuse of the brazilian rain forest? Is economic advancement more important than the preservation of the rainforest. This is why we are the government has called on us. To find the facts and give it how it should be. Medicinal uses of the rain forests are a huge part of everyones lives. The rain Forrest has over 120 over the counter prescriptions and has made 12 billion dollars in sales. They say that the tropical rainforests cover seven percent of the earth and hold just about half of the world's animals. Also there is data that there may be about ten percent of useful Amazon plants now, and scientist's think that also there may be a cure for the AIDS ...

How to Improve Business Writing Skills [A Guide For 2018]

How to Improve Business Writing Skills [A Guide For 2018] How to ImproveBusiness Writing Skills: Start with Substance This post will detail how to improve your business writing skills. Syntax (language) and substance (content) are the two required elements that distinguish strongbusiness writing skills from weak. Although some business writing training treats substance and syntax as the same thing, they are actually two distinct skillsof business writing. Effective business writing begins with a keen analysis of the audience. The information in all documents and email needs to be customized to meet the needs of the reader. Audience needs drive the right content. For example, a sales letter written to customers needs tobe easy to comprehend and reflect information that is relevant and helpfulto the customer. A strategic report written for a senior manager should be accurate, concise, and relevant, and also include content relevant to thatmanager. An operational report or IT-related document can be highly technical, as experts in the field will read it and those experts would understand, need, and expect highly technical information. Your audience will always dictate the substance (the content) of your business documents. Correct sentence structure and even clear language will neveroffset content gaps. If your readers don't get the right information, the document will fail, no matter how perfectly the sentences are constructed. How to improve business writing skills? Remember this: Substance is more important than syntax. The former always precedes the latter. An impressive vocabulary will not save you from trouble if you’re unaware of your target audienceor are unable to reword information to match your reader’s level of understanding. Similarly, a business report that is grammatically correct might notconvey the right informationif it is not planned and written properly. When training to improve business writing, writing experts and trainers often focus too much on syntax (the word choice and grammar and sentence structures) andneglect improving the substance (the content and information) of business writing. This is a mistake. Here is a brief look into substance, its importance, and how can you improve it. How to ImproveBusiness Writing Skills: Start with Substance Remember your Grade 7 English classes where you had to read through a comprehension passage and briefly summarize it within 100 words? Substance in business writing workssimilarly. What information most matters to the reader to help them know or do what you want? Improving the substance in business writing is all about: Analyzing audience to determine what information a reader needs. Extracting relevant and significantinformation from complex ideas. In other words, it means having the ability to summarize large chunks of data or facts into information that is meaningful for the reader. Before you consider investing in workshops and seminars to improve business writing skills, you need to perform a simple test. Give your employees heaps of information and ask them to extract the most relevant information from it and summarize it in a short statement. If the employees or team members cannot do this easily and well, it's a sure diagnosis thatyou need to focus on improving the substance element of your employees'business writing. Practice Improving Business Writing Skills Substance in business writing can be improved through continual on-the-job training. You can either lead a few exercises on your own or call in professional help. Ifyou want to do it on your own, here are a few activities you can conduct to judge and analyze the substanceof your employees'business writing: Ask your employees why a project should it be funded. If the response is a ten-page disorganized report, then you needbusiness writingtrainingthat focuses on organization, extraction of key information and appropriate substance. Ask your employees for solutions to any problem at work. Practical and well-summarized solutions indicate your employees’ strong analytical and writing skills. A potential employee’s response to, â€Å"Why should we hire you?† during an interviewoffers a clear insight about his or her writing and communication skills. If he or she cannot verbally extract the key information points verbally, he or she won't do it well in writing either. Watch how individual employees summarize theminutes of meetings, summarize analysis reports, or verbally summarizerelevant insights discussed at meetings. All of these writing tasks require mastery of good substance/content in business writing. If you see any murky summaries, that is your clear diagnosis that you need to focus on improving the content and substance of your employees business writing. Don't start with syntax. Focus on substance and content in this situation. Fine TuneYour Employees' Business Writing Skills When deciding on whether employees need to improve their business writing, analyze the substance of all employee documents. A well written business document or email or report contains four essential elements: Audience awareness Content that is relevant to that specific audience Logically categorized content Properly sequenced information When you encounter a document that does not present information clearly, figure out if the issue is a problem with audience awareness, or irrelevant content, or disorganization, or poor sequencing. This will help you fine tune both the corrections and training plan. Tip:To underscore that writing matters in your organization, evaluate employee business writing skills, includingimprovement efforts, in all employee performance appraisals. What counts is what's counted. If you tell your employees that "strong business writing skills" are a requirement of a position, measure those skills. To learn more on how to improve the substance of all business documents and how to integrate business writing skills in employee appraisals, download my book â€Å"Four steps to improve your Team’s Business Writing Skills† today!